Invitations

Invitation is a request (spoken or written) to go to a place or do something.
There are two types of invitation :
a. Formal Invitation
Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies, and a kind of it. Normally, formal invitation is written invitation.
b. Informal Invitation
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.
¯ Extending Expressions
§ Please come inside !
§ Would you come to my brother’s party tomorrow?
§ Can you drop by my house after school?
§ If you’re not busy, please come to my café.
§ Would you like to go out with me this evening?

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Appointment

Appointment is an arrangement to do something or meet someone at a particular time and place.

>>     Making an Appointment
*      I’d like to make an appointment to see Mr. Kevin.
*      Would you like to arrange for a personal interview?
*      I’d like you to come and see Mr. Joe.
*      I’m going to call an engineer to come this afternoon.
*      Let’s make plans to go shopping next Saturday.

>>     Accepting an Appointment
*      All right, see you there.
*      No problem, I’m free on… (Saturday)
*      Be there on time.
*      I’ll wait for you.
*      It’s a deal.

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Happiness expression

Happiness expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings.

>>    Some expressions of happiness
*            I’m happy
*      I’m (very) pleased / (really) delighted.
*      Fantastic!
*      I’m so glad to hear that.
*      Terrific !
*      Great !
*      Exciting !

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Giving Instruction

Giving instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.
Instruction require the person receiving them to do something, or to stop doing it. Instructions are directly addressed to the person who has to do them. Therefore, instructions are one of the few types of English sentences that do not need a subject. The subject is usually “you” (understood). If there is any doubt who should do the instructions, the “naming” form – the vocative is used.

When the commanding word is a verb, you can use the infinitive without to.
·         Write the sentences!
·         Close the door!
·         Sweep the floor!

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Sympathy Expression

- Sympathy Expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition.

We expressing Sympathy directly to him/her orally we can use a letter or card by post also by short message servise (SMS) , e-mail, television,radio and newspaper if he/she who got the trouble is far for use.

* Showing Sympathy
  • I'm sorry for what's happened.
  • Look ! This is not the end of the world.
  • (Oh dear) I am sorry (to hear that)
  • That's a pity / shame.
  • You have my sympathy.

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Gaining Attention

Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to.

>>     Expressions of Gaining Attention
*      Attention, please!
*      Excuse me, look here!
*      Listening to me, please.
*      Wow really?
*      May I have your attention, please?

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Announcement

Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make know that has happened or (more often) what will happen.

In writing an announcement, keep the following points:
*         The title/type of event.
*         Date/time, place and
*         Contact person.

The example of Announcement

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Recount Text

Recount text is used to retell about activity/action in the past to inform or to entertain.
The generic structure:
1.        Orientation       :    It gives the readers the background information needed to understand  the text, such as who was involved, where it happened, and when it happened.
2.        Events               :    A series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence.
3.        Re-orientation   :    A personal comment about the event or what happened in the end.

The Characteristics of Recount Text:
·           Using the simple past tense, past continuous tense, past perfect tense, and past perfect continuous tense.
·           Using the conjunctions, such as: then, before, after, etc.

Example:




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Narrative Text

Narrative text is a text to entertain, to gain and hold a reader’s interest. It’s usually like a fable, myth, legend, folklore, etc. However narrative can be also written to teach or inform, to change attitudes/social opinion.

The Generic Structure :
a.        Orientation          :    Sets the scene and introduces the participants.
b.        Complication       :    A crisis arises.
c.         Resolution           :    The crisis is resolved, for better or for worse.
d.                 Re-orientation     :    (optional)
                                                                                                                   
The Typical Elements :
a.        Setting                :    When and where the story occurs.
b.               Characters          :    The most important people or characters in the story.
c.         Initiating Event    :    An action or occurrence that establishes a problem and/or goal.
d.        Conflict               :    The focal point around which the whole story is organized.
e.        Events                 :    One or more attempts by the main character(s) to achieve the goal or solve the problem.
f.         Resolution           :    The outcome of the attempts to achieve the goal or solve the problem.
g.                  Theme                :    The main idea or moral of the story.

The Characteristics of Narrative Text :
a.        Using the Simple Past Tense.
b.        It’s started with adverb, such as long time ago, once upon a time, in a faraway land, etc.
c.        Using the conjunctions, such as then, after, that, before, etc.

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Procedure Text

Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps.
The Generic Structure :
a.        Aim / Goal :  The title of the text.
b.        Materials   :  The ingredients and utensils to do the instructions, but not required for all                  procedure texts.
c.         Steps           :  A set of instructions to do the activity.

The Characteristics of Procedure Text :
¯   Using the Simple present tense, often imperative sentence.
¯   Using the temporal conjunctions, such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.
¯   Using actions verbs, such as turn on, stir, hold up, open, etc.

Example :
Epe Banana

Ingredients:
1 bunch of “kapok” bananas (not to ripe)
1 liter of water
2 kg brown sugar
50 gr white sugar
10 gr vanilla essence

Steps:
³   Peel the bananas, then roast them over charcoal until somewhat soft and brown.
³   Flatten them with a special wooden, clamp, or if you don’t own one, use a large flat wooden spoon to flatten the bananas on a cutting board.
³   Sauce: boil the water with the brown sugar, white sugar and vanilla essence until it dissolves into thick syrup, then pour over the bananas.
For 10 portions.


Aim / Goal

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Past Tense

Past tense is used to indicate the activity in the past. Furthermore, simple past is used for retelling successive events. So, it is commonly used in a story telling.


The formula of Simple Past Tense :
a.        Without Verb :
(+)  S + to be (was/were) + Obj. / Compliment
(-)   S + to be (was/were) + not + Obj. / Compliment
(?)  To be (was/were) + S + Obj. / Compliment + ?
Example :   (+)  I was at home last night
                   (-)   I was not at home last night
                   (?)  Was I at home last night?
b.        With Verb :
(+)  S + V2 + Compliment
(-)   S + did + not + V1 + Compliment
(?)  Did + S + V1 + Compliment + ?
Example :   (+)  I called him last night.
                   (-)   I did not call him last night.
                   (?)  Did I call him last night?

Time Signal of Simple Past Tense :
¯   Yesterday
¯   Yesterday afternoon
¯   Last night
¯   Last month
¯   Last week
¯   Last year
¯   An hour ago
¯   In 1978

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Present Perfect Tense: PPT

 The second is easier to learn early because we wanted to make the first sentence, by learning English is definitely the easiest first.,.

1.        Present Perfect Tense
Present perfect tense is used for describing a past action’s effect on the present.
Present Perfect Tense can be used in three situations :
1.         To indicate something that has happened at an indefinite time in the past.
·      I have seen that movie already.
·      She has left for French.
·      They have not eaten their dinner, yet.
2.         To indicate something which started in the past and continues until now.
·      I have lived in French for seven years.
·      We have been here since Saturday.
·      He has played football since he was a child.
3.         To indicate something which occurred recently.
·      I have been sick lately.
·      She hasn’t slept much recently.

The Formula of Present Perfect Tense :
a.         Without Verb:
(+)  S + have/has + been + Compliment
(-)   S + have/has + not + been + Compliment
(?)  Have/has + S + been + Comp. + ?
Example :   (+)  She has been in French since 2002
                   (-)   She has not been in French since 2002
                   (?)  Has she been in French since 2002?
 b.         With Verb:
(+)  S + have/has + V3 + Comp.
(-)   S + have/has + not + V3 + Comp.
(?)  Have/has + S + V3 + Comp. + ?
Example :   (+)  We have already seen that movie.
                   (-)   We have not already seen that movie.
                   (?)  Have we already seen that movie?
 
The most important thing to remember about the present perfect is that it can never be used with adverbs which describe finished time periods, such as yesterday, five minutes ago and at seven o’clock. If a time adverb is used with the present perfect, it should describe a time period which is unfinished. Example include today and this week :
I’ve been to the shops twice already today.
I went to the shops before toy arrived.

 

2.        Past Perfect Tense
Past perfect tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished ‘till certain time in the past too, or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.

The Formula of Past Perfect Tense :
a.         Without Verb:
(+)  S + had + been + Comp.
(-)   S + had + not + been + Comp.
(?) Had + S + been + Comp. + ?

Example :   (+)  They had been at home when I came.
                   (-)   They had not been at home when I came.
                   (?)  Had they been at home when I came?
 b.         With Verb:
(+)  S + had + V3 + Comp.
(-)   S + had + not + V3 + Comp.
(?)  Had + S + V3 + Comp. + ?
Example :   (+)  Shafa had arrived from French last week.
                   (-)   Shafa had not arrived from French last week.
                   (?)  Had Shafa arrived from French last week?

3.        Present Future Perfect Tense
Present Future Perfect Tense is used to assert an action or an event that will happened or will finished at the definite time at the future.

The Formula of Present Perfect Tense :
a.         Without Verb:
(+)  S (except I) + will/shall + have + been + Comp.
(-)   S (except I) + will/shall + not + have + been + Comp.
(?)  Will/shall + S (except I) + have + been + Comp. + ?
Example :   (+)  We shall have been there at six o’clock tomorrow.
                   (-)   We shall not have been there at six o’clock tomorrow.
                   (?)  Shall we have been there at six o’clock tomorrow?
 b.         With Verb:
(+)  S + will/shall + have + V3 + Comp.
(-)   S + will/shall + not + have + V3 + Comp.
(?)  Will/shall + S + have + V3 + Comp. + ?
Example :   (+)  They will have gone if you came late tomorrow.
                   (-)   They will not have gone if you came late tomorrow.
                   (?)  Will they have gone if you came late tomorrow?

4.        Past Future Perfect Tense
Past Future Perfect Tense is used to assert an action or an event that will happened before or at the other event happened at the past future.

The Formula of Past Future Perfect Tense :
a.         Without Verb:
(+)  S + would/should + have + been + Comp.
(-)   S + would/should + not + have + been + Comp.
(?)  Would/should + S + have + been + Comp. + ?
Example :   (+)  I should have been here at 7 a.m.
                   (-)   I should not have been here at 7 a.m.
                   (?)  Should I have been here at 7 a.m.?
 b.         With Verb:
(+)  S + would/should + have + V3 + Comp.
(-)   S + would/should + not + have + V3 + Comp.
(?)  Would/should + S + have + V3 + Comp. + ?
Example :   (+)  Shafa would have gone to French next Saturday.
                   (-)   Shafa would not have gone to French next Saturday.
                   (?)  Would Shafa have gone to French next Saturday?

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Greetings

  • Greeting is an expression with aim to ask news or say thank you.
Example :
- Hello , hi
- Good morning
- Good Bye
- See you later
- See you soon

Introduce people
  • What's your name
  • How do you do
  • Nice to meet you
Say good bye
  • Good Bye
  • See you Later
  • See you next week , etc

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Vocabs: Shapes and Parts of Body

1. Shapes

* Shapes is all the geometrical information that remains when location, scale and rotational effects are filtered out from an object.
* This is example of shapes :

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Advertisment

Next,, okay,, next new discussion .....

Advertisement is information for persuad and motivate a people so that it will anracted. Them to the service and things that are affered.

Function advertisement are :
- Promotion
- Communication
- Information

In making advertisement, keep the following points :
1. Language of advertisement
  • Using the correct or suitable world
  • Using the interesting expression and suggestive
  • Using positive cannotations
  • Text of advertisement snold directly to the go
2. Advertisement content
  • Objective and hanest
  • Brief and clear
  • Don't to allude group and to other producer
  • Attractive attention

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